Masculinizing Sex Hormone Deficiency in Cats
Hypoandrogenism in Cats
Hypoandrogenism refers to the relative or absolute deficiency of masculinizing sex hormones, such as testosterone and its by-products. Also known as androgens, these hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex -- part of the adrenal glands, which are located above each kidney -- and by the ovaries in the female, and the testes in the male. There are two subtypes of the condition: primary and secondary.
Primary hypoandrogenism in the male is a rare condition associated with bilaterally symmetric hair loss in older castrated male cats. It may be seen in association with testicular destruction in association with inflammatory testicular disease; however, the latter is not usually associated with clinical signs other than a lack of libido and spermatogenesis.
Conversely, secondary hypoandrogenism is due to such conditions as hyperadrenocorticism (an endocrine disorder) and hypothyroidism, and is far more common. Although congenital forms exist as well, it is more common in older animals. In some cases, symptoms may begin to appear around puberty in the form of behavioral or anatomic abnormalities.
Symptoms and Types
- Failure to cycle
- Low libido
- Dry, dull hair coat
- Coat color change
- Small, underdeveloped testes
- Absence of penile spines in cats
- Poor semen quality
- Infertility
- Incontinence
- Lack of body growth, cat is smaller than expected for its breed type
Causes
- Testicular degeneration
- Castration
- Pituitary tumor
- Failure of testes to descend (cryptorchidism)
In addition, Calico and tortoiseshell male cats are predisposed, occurs in association with Klinefelter's (39 XXY) syndrome (affected males have an extra X sex chromosome).
Diagnosis
A complete blood profile will be conducted, including a chemical blood profile, a complete blood count, and a urinalysis as well as a number of other tests to identify the underlying cause such as hypothyroidism. For example, your doctor will want to know how the thyroid is functioning. The physical exam and the history you provide will also be helpful. will need to give a thorough history of your cat's health, onset of symptoms, and possible incidents that might have led to this condition. If there has been hair loss your doctor may also perform a skin biopsy, and a testicular biopsy can be useful for determining whether there is an inflammatory testicular disease.
Treatment
Treatment will depend on the underlying cause, but your veterinarian may attempt hormone replacement therapy to see if it raises the androgen levels.
Prevention
If your cat is to be used for breeding, avoid drugs that are known to cause hypoandrogenism (e.g., steroid compounds).
Living and Management
Your veterinarian will ask you to keep track of any responses you see to the prescribed therapy, and will schedule follow up visits in order to conduct periodic tests to look for clinical signs that the treatment plan is working.
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