Vascular Ring Anomalies in Cats

Persistent Right Aortic Arch in Cats

Vascular ring anomalies occur when a congenital abnormality of the heart's blood vessels result in the esophagus being compressed at the level of the base of the heart. This, in turn, prevents solid food from being able to pass properly past the compression as well as the dilatation of the esophagus in front of the compressed area. This is termed megaesophagus. Because food is not moved properly through the esophagus, regurgitation occurs.

Symptoms and Types

• Regurgitation of undigested solid food in young cats (less than 6 months of age)
• Malnourishment
• Aspiration pneumonia resulting in coughing, increased heart rate and heavy breathing

Time between eating and regurgitation varies.

Causes

The cause for vascular ring anomalies in cats is a developmental congenital abnormality.

Diagnosis

A thorough physical examination and routine blood testing is usually performed. However, imaging is usually necessary for accurate diagnosis. Imaging may include thoracic radiographs (X-rays), contrast esophagography (usually performed with barium), fluoroscopy and/or angiography.

Treatment

Cats with aspiration pneumonia may require antibiotics and possibly oxygen supplementation. Surgery to repair the vascular entrapment is indicated. However, the esophagus may be permanently compromised resulting from the entrapment itself, especially if surgical intervention does not take place early enough. In these cases, specialized feeding for megaesophagus (i.e. placing food on an elevated surface or feeding with the cat sitting upright, feeding food processed into a slurry) may be necessary indefinitely.